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6. 前言
前言是介结一下为何要进行此项研究。
一个好的前言应该能回答以下问题：
当前研究需要解决什么问题? 当前问题有没有解决方法? 哪个方法是最好的? 这些方法有什么局限性? 因此当前研究想得到什么样结果?
编辑们喜欢看到你提供了一个与杂志宗旨相关的观点。你需要介绍你的研究工作基础，引用一些原始和重要的工作，包括最近的一些综述性的文章。
但是编辑不喜欢太多的引文，尤其是与你工作无关的引文，或者对自己的研究成果不恰当的评价。他们会认为你的研究思路不清。
下面是前言中要注意一的些问题：
语言要精炼，前言过长会让读者失去阅读兴趣 要对当前研究成果有一个总的概括 前言对当前研究的叙述应该逐渐深入 要表明当前研究需要回答的问题，但是不要把前言和结果相混淆 研究假设和研究目标要放在前言的最后叙述 尽量少用诸如[第一次][首次]等等表述
7. 摘要
摘要的目的是为了告诉读者本文主要研究内容以及主要发现，是对文章的一个总结，因此摘要要有趣并且易懂，这样读者才有通读全文的兴趣。摘要要避免使用专业罕见用语，罕见缩写和引文。
摘要必须准确，用词要恰当，要准确的表达确切含义。摘要提供了一个研究的简短描述，因此要把研究的关键结果展示出来，但要最大限度的减少实验细节。一般在摘要的最后一句话是对研究的结论的一个简要描述。
一个清晰的摘要对读者或者编辑是否进一步查看全文有重要的影响。
但是，摘要必须尽可能的简明。一般杂志的投稿指南都对摘要有要求，字数一般不超过 250 个字。因此摘要一定要简明扼要。
下面是一个很好的摘要的例子。
The present study has investigated metal contamination at nine sites (10 sampling stations) from the English Channel to the Mediterranean Sea, including low level and highly contaminated sediments. Both total and labile concentrations of metals were determined in superficial sediments. The influence of different pHs was tested and metal lability at pHs encountered in the gut of invertebrates (the ragwormNereis diversicolor, the blue musselMytilus edulis, the Japanese oysterCrassostrea gigas) was compared with the distribution of metals in various operationally defined geochemical fractions. Cd showed the highest lability and Cu the lowest, whereas Zn lability was intermediate. Metal concentrations were determined in bivalves at six sites and in worms at three sites. Cd in living organisms and labile Cd in sediments increased in proportion over the gradient of contamination. This relationship did not always hold for Cu and Zn and these exceptions are discussed. Even if sediments are not the only source of metal contamination in marine invertebrates, the procedure proposed here to assess metal bioavailability by remobilising sediment-bound metals at physiological pHs, seems a significant improvement of the existing methodologies of risk assessment.
摘要中有两个内容是必不可少的，比如下面这个例子
In recent years, several benthic biotic indices have been proposed to be used as ecological indicators in estuarine and coastal waters. One such indicator, the AZTI Marine Biotic Index (AMBI), was designed to establish the ecological quality of European coasts. The index examined the response of soft-bottom benthic communities to natural and man-induced disturbances in coastal and estuarine environments. It has been successfully applied to different geographical areas and under different impact sources, with increasing user numbers in European marine waters (Baltic, North Sea, Atlantic and Mediterranean). The AMBI has been used also for the determination of the ecological quality status (EcoQ) within the context of the EuropeanWater Framework Directive(WFD).
In this contribution, 38 different applications including six new case studies (hypoxia processes, sand extraction, oil platform impacts, engineering works, dredging and fish aquaculture) are presented. The results show the response of the benthic communities to different disturbance sources in a simple way. Those communities act as ecological indicators of the ‘health’ of the system, indicating clearly the gradient associated with the disturbance.
从上面的这个例子可以看出，摘要中要体现
① 到底做了什么?In recent years, several benthic biotic indices have been proposed to be used as ecological indicators in estuarine and coastal waters. One such indicator, the AMBI (AZTI Marine Biotic Index), was designed to establish the ecological quality of European coasts. The AMBI has been used also for the determination of the ecological quality status within the context of the European Water Framework Directive. In this contribution, 38 different applications including six new case studies (hypoxia processes, sand extraction, oil platform impacts, engineering works, dredging and fish aquaculture) are presented.
② 到底有何发现?The results show the response of the benthic communities to different disturbance sources in a simple way. Those communities act as ecological indicators of the 'health' of the system, indicating clearly the gradient associated with the disturbance.